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a total of 8,333 type 1 diabetes cases , 9,947 controls , and 3,997 families were genotyped at rs10272724 using taqman ( supplementary methods ) . cases were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 17 years of age ( mean age at diagnosis = 7.8 years ) and were from the juvenile diabetes research foundation / wellcome t...
objectiveikzf1 encoding ikaros , an essential regulator of lymphopoiesis and immune homeostasis , has been implicated in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( c - all ) . because recent genome - wide association ( gwa ) studies have linked a region of the 3-utr of ikzf1 with c - all susceptibility...
homocysteine is an amino acid which has sprung into prominence in the past few decades . elevated homocysteine has also served as an early marker for insulin resistance due to the effects of insulin on homocysteine metabolism and renal clearance . these relationships of homocysteine to disease states in the nonpreg...
aim . to revisit the role of first trimester homocysteine levels with the maternal and fetal outcome . methods . this was a cohort study comprising 100 antenatal women between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation . serum homocysteine levels were checked after overnight fasting . results . there were significantly elev...
most sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss occurs unilaterally , with an the incidence of bilateral involvement of less than 5%.1 ) various causes , such as infection , vascular event , coagulation disorders , neoplasm , and demyelinating disease , are related to sudden sensorineural hearing loss , however in most ca...
isolated bilateral deafness is a rare but possible symptom of vertebrobasilar ischemia , primarily due to occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries or their branch , the internal auditory artery . we reported on uncommon case of sudden bilateral sensorineural hearing loss without typical neurological sym...
micronutrients are known to play an important role in health and the development of an effective immune system . in tropical and subtropical regions schistosomiasis is a global health burden with over 200 million people infected by one of five schistosoma trematode species [ 1 , 4 , 5 ] . schistosoma haematobium is...
micronutrients play an important role in the development of effective immune responses . this study characterised a populations exposed to schistosome infections in terms of the relationship between micronutrients and immune responses . levels of retinol binding protein ( rbp ; vitamin a marker ) , vitamin d , ferr...
posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome ( pres ) refers to a clinico - radiological entity characterized by headache , confusion , visual disturbances , seizures , and posterior transient changes on neuroimaging . we report a child with pres revealing post - streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis ( psgn ) . a ...
the association between hypertensive encephalopathy and cortical blindness in children with acute glomerulonephritis is extremely rare . we report the case of a 9-year old girl who presented with headache , seizures , altered sensorium , hematuria , and transient cortical blindness as a complication of hypertensive e...
homeostasis is a fundamental concept in physiology ; hence , it is a subject of the greatest interest for medicine ( 13 ) . in the present review , some aspects of the concept and possible further developments that could have an impact also in the clinical practice are analysed . our proposal is based on the classi...
in this review , the aspects and further developments of the concept of homeostasis are discussed also in the perspective of their possible impact in the clinical practice , particularly as far as psychic homeostasis is concerned . a brief historical survey and comments on the concept of homeostasis and allostasis ar...
the transfusion of red blood cell ( rbc ) concentrates in critically ill patients remains controversial and has generated much research and debate in the medical literature . a recent , large , noninferiority randomized clinical trial adds an important piece to this quite complicated ' puzzle ' . in stable critically...
in stable critically ill children , the adoption of a restrictive transfusion strategy based on a predefined hemoglobin threshold of 7 g / dl significantly decreased transfusion requirements without affecting outcome . these results strengthen previous observations made in volume resuscitated adults when a similar bl...
the removal of infected carious dentin is an exacting procedure routinely accomplished during tooth preparation , prior to placing a restoration . although explorer - verified hardness equal to that of normal dentin is traditionally considered the ideal endpoint of excavation , caries indicator dyes have been develop...
objectivesthis study determined the difference in the location of the caries dye staining endpoint of 1% acid red dye in propylene glycol versus that of 1% acid red dye in polypropylene glycol.methodsfreshly extracted permanent molar crowns with primary occlusal carious lesions were chisel - split axially to expose the...
heterogeneous diffusion dynamics of molecules play an important role in many cellular signaling events , such as of lipids in plasma membrane bioactivity . however , these dynamics can often only be visualized by single - molecule and super - resolution optical microscopy techniques . using fluorescence lifet...
lipolysis describes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols ( tgs ) , commonly referred to as fat . in the mid-19 century the great french physiologist claude bernard ( bernard , 1856 ) noted that the pancreatic juice of mammals was able to efficiently degrade fat in the form of butter and oil . his observation led to t...
lipolysis is defined as the catabolism of triacylglycerols stored in cellular lipid droplets . recent discoveries of essential lipolytic enzymes and characterization of numerous regulatory proteins and mechanisms have fundamentally changed our perception of lipolysis and its impact on cellular metabolism . new find...
the prospective investigation conducted by fleischhackl and coworkers , reported in the previous issue of critical care , sets out to determine whether young students have the physical and cognitive skills to implement cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) . in this investigation , the average time from the last clas...
the usefulness of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) training in school systems has been questioned , considering that young students may not have the physical or cognitive skills required to perform complex tasks correctly . in the study conducted by fleishhackl and coworkers , students as young as 9 years we...
both laryngoscopy as well as endotracheal intubation individually contribute to the hemodynamic pressor response following endotracheal intubation . it has also been shown that the type of laryngoscopic blade influences the degree of hemodynamic response . videolaryngoscopes have shown varying results such as penta...
background and aims : earlier studies have shown that the type of laryngoscope blade influences the degree of hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation . the aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic response to oral endotracheal intubation with c - mac laryngoscopy and mccoy laryngoscopy compared to tha...
take a maximum aliquot of 13 ml of sample and store it at -20 c in a labeled conical centrifuge tube . measure and record the optical density of the sample by placing a couple of drops of urine in the refractometer . filter the sample through a 0.2 um filter . measure out the volume of sample below according to the...
every infant born in the us is now screened for up to 42 rare genetic disorders called " inborn errors of metabolism " . the screening method is based on tandem mass spectrometry and quantifies acylcarnitines as a screen for organic acidemias and also measures amino acids . all states also perform enzymatic testing...
the patients referring to hospitals emergency department ( ed ) needing immediate care comprise 78% of all patients . minutes or even the seconds are crucial for these patients since , 75 - 85% of mortality occurs in the first 20 min post - events ( such a s head injury ) . most of the injuries either manage or progr...
background : long wait time interval in emergency department ( ed ) of hospitals , from the patients point of view in ed is a major problem causing patients dissatisfaction and may result increasing in patient morbidity and indirectly nurses dissatisfaction . evaluation of wait time intervals in ed and giving nursing...
weak acid ionization plays a central role in many chemical , biological , and industrial processes . measuring and predicting the free energy of this process ( i.e. , pka values ) have become important experimental and theoretical tools , enabling control over and insight into acid / base chemistry and ph -...
accurately calculating a weak acid s pka from simulations remains a challenging task . we report a multiscale theoretical approach to calculate the free energy profile for acid ionization , resulting in accurate absolute pka values in addition to insights into the underlying mechanism . importantly , our ap...
worldwide , in 2015 , it is the second most common newly diagnosed cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death in men . in the united states , incidence and mortality of prostate cancer ranked first and second , respectively , in men . over the past few years , incidence of prostate cancer increased stead...
new treatments , such as sipuleucel - t and androgen receptor- ( ar- ) directed therapies ( enzalutamide ( enz ) and abiraterone acetate ( aa ) ) , have emerged and been approved for the management of castration - resistant prostate cancer ( crpc ) . there are still debates over their efficacy and clinical benefits ....
the national children 's food survey ( ncfs ) 20032004 and the national teens ' food survey ( ntfs ) 20052006 were carried out to establish databases of habitual food and drink consumption in representative samples of irish children aged 512 years and teenagers aged 1317 years . a 7-d weighed food record was us...
to examine the relationship between dietary energy density ( ded ) and the nutritional quality of the diet , using data from the irish national children 's food survey ( ncfs ) and the national teens ' food survey ( ntfs ) , two cross - sectional studies of food consumption were carried out between 2003 and 2006 ...
for a period of 8 months ( september 2012 through april 2013 ) , eighteen adult hemato - oncological patients , scheduled for autologous sct in the maastricht university medical center , were included . the number of venous blood draws and transfusion regime were not influenced by our observational study . two pati...
objectivesa period of thrombocytopenia is common after stem cell transplantation ( sct ) . to prevent serious bleeding complications , prophylactic platelet transfusions are administered . previous studies have shown that a rise in immature platelets precedes recovery of platelet count . our aim was to define a c...
interdisciplinary teamwork is an essential component of holistic care since team members skills , experience , and knowledge are pooled together to produce the best outcomes . each of the members in the intensive care unit ( icu ) team plays a unique role according to the patients need . physiotherapy has been acce...
background : interprofessional relationship plays a major role in effective patient care . specialized units such as critical care require multidisciplinary care where perception about every members role may affect the delivery of patient care . the objective of this study was to find out nurses perceptions of the ro...
these are peer - reviewed poster - platform submissions finalized by the scientific program committee . a total of 153 abstracts ( 14 platforms [ pp1 through pp14 ] & 139 posters [ 1 through 139 ] ) were selected from 161 submissions to be considered for presentation during november 4 8 , 2011 , at the hilton baltimor...
cone beam computed tomography ( cbct ) has found its niche in different fields of dental practice during recent years [ 15 ] . nowadays , the use of three - dimensional radiographies is increasing for diagnosis and treatment in dentistry . single - slice ct and multislice ct techniques were first introduced in this r...
introduction . the aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of linear measurements in dry human skulls in ideal position and different deviated positions of the skull . methods . 6 dry human skulls were included in the study . opaque markers were attached to alveolar bone . buccolingual and mesiodistal...
pure red cell aplasia ( prca ) is a disorder that was first described in 1922 and that is characterized as a normocytic anemia associated with the absence of erythroblasts in the bone marrow . prca can be induced by various causes.1 however , only a few cases of prca associated with hepatitis a have been reported.2 -...
pure red cell aplasia is characterized as a normocytic anemia associated with reticulocytopenia and the absence of erythroblasts in the bone marrow . pure red cell aplasia can be induced by various causes such as thymoma , connective tissue disease , viral infection , lymphoma , and adverse drug reactions . there h...
age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is a complex disorder that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors ; heritability is estimated to account for 45% to 71% of cases [ 1 , 2 ] . several ( ~20 ) amd genetic susceptibility genes have been identified with two loci , complement factor h ( cfh ( 1q32 ) a...
genes that increase susceptibility to age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) have been identified ; however , since many individuals carrying these risk alleles do not develop disease , other contributors are involved . one additional factor , long implicated in the pathogenesis of amd , is the lipofuscin of reti...
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( hnscc ) , including oral squamous cell carcinoma ( oscc ) , is the sixth most prevalent type of malignancy worldwide and accounts for approximately 8% to 10% of all cancers in southeast asia [ 1 , 2 ] . hnscc - related mortality is mainly caused by cervical lymph node metas...
recent studies suggest that aldh1 is a putative marker for hnscc - derived cancer stem cells . however , the regulation mechanisms that maintain the stemness and metastatic capability of hnscc - aldh1 + cells remain unclear . initially , hnscc - aldh1 + cells from hnscc patient...
neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( nms ) is a rare but life - threatening complication to antipsychotic agents . it was initially reported in 1960s and since then many cases have been recognized worldwide . nms is associated with a significant mortality rate and requires early recognition and prompt treatment . ear...
neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( nms ) is a life - threatening emergency that is often seen as a complication of antipsychotic agents . it is characterized by a tetrad of motor , behavioral , autonomic , and laboratory abnormalities . we report a case of a 34-year - old man with a history of newly diagnosed type 2 ...
chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) is a chronic myelo - proliferative disorder with an initially chronic course lasting for 35 years . cml was one of the first diseases in which a specific chromosomal abnormality was identified , a t(9;22)(q34;q11 ) or philadelphia ( ph ) chromosome . avascular necrosis of the fe...
chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the presence of the philadelphia ( ph ) chromosome resulting from the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11 ) . the molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of the bcr abl fusion gene , which encodes a constit...
colorectal cancer ( crc ) is one of the most common forms of cancer in western society . every year 9,500 patients in the netherlands are diagnosed with the disease and almost half of them die from it ( dutch cancer registry , 2002 ) . it is estimated that in around 20% of the patients with a colorectal tumour gene...
in the diagnostic work - up of hereditary non - polyposis colorectal cancer ( hnpcc , lynch syndrome ) , high - risk patients can be identified using information from the family history on cancer ( amsterdam criteria and bethesda guidelines ) . to investigate to what extent the medical specialists apply these crite...
great progress has been made in neonatal care over the last few decades , reflected by improving survival rates and clinical outcomes of preterm infants . despite these advances , 45 years after its first description , bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( bpd ) remains a major complication of premature birth , causing ongoin...
background . bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( bpd ) is the most common chronic lung disease of premature birth , characterized by impaired alveolar development and inflammation . pathomechanisms contributing to bpd are poorly understood . however , it is assumed that genetic factors predispose to bpd and other pulmonar...
raised intracranial pressure ( icp ) is usually associated with increased morbidity , mortality , and poor neurological outcomes . the etiology could be varied viz stroke , liver failure , meningitis , meningoencephalitis , metabolic encephalopathy and postresuscitation syndrome . it is associated with complication...
background and aims : the aim was to evaluate efficacy of optic nerve sheath diameter ( onsd ) by ultrasound as a noninvasive method for detecting raised intracranial pressure ( icp ) in intensive care unit , to compare with computed tomography / magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) findings of raised icp and to prognost...
reports of organogold complexes undergoing redox processes are typically limited to slow oxidative additions and reductive eliminations . however , organogold complexes are not necessarily unreactive ; we recently showed that diaryl au(iii ) complexes undergo remarkably fast aryl aryl reductive elimination a...
herein we report the mechanism of oxidative addition of cf3i to au(i ) , and remarkably fast caryl cf3 bond reductive elimination from au(iii ) cations . cf3i undergoes a fast , formal oxidative addition to r3paur ( r = cy , r = 3,5-f2-c6h4 , 4-f - c6h4 , c6h5 , 4-me - c6h4 , 4-meo - c6h4 , me ; r = ph ...
despite technical advancement of various imaging modalities , it is still impossible to differentiate benign and malignant pancreatic lesions by the images only . for tissue acquisition to differentiate pancreatic lesions , endoscopic ultrasound - guided fine needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) is the procedure of choice...
for tissue diagnosis of suspected pancreatic cancer , endoscopic ultrasound - guided fine needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) is the procedure of choice with high safety and accuracy profiles . however , about 10% of cytologic findings of eus - fna are inconclusive . in that situation , careful observation , surgical e...
this study examined the changes in cellular glucose uptake induced by 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin ( tcdd ) as measured by quantification of intracellular radioactivity in the nih 3t3 l1 preadipocyte cell line after a 30-minute incubation with the non - metabolizable radioactive analogue of glucose , 3-o - m...
a technique known as the colony overlay procedure for peptidases ( copp assay ) was previously developed as the first test to enumerate total vibrionaceae in shellfish , seawater , and well water [ 1 , 2 ] . this assay has been recommended for use in monitoring molluscan shellfish and for potentially regulating their...
three assays were developed to enumerate total and fecal escherichia coli and total vibrionaceae in shellfish , seawater , and other foods and environmental samples . assays involve membrane overlays of overnight colonies on nonselective agar plates to detect -glucuronidase and lysyl aminopeptidase activities for e. ...
a 73-year old female patient 150 cm tall and weighing 50 kg visited our hospital presenting with the complaints of lower back pain and radiating pain to right lower extremity . at first , mild lower back pain had occurred from time to time , but severe pain with a visual analogue score ( vas ) of 8 or higher started ...
kummell 's disease is a spinal disorder characterized by delayed post - traumatic collapse of a vertebral body with avascular necrosis . although definitive treatment for kummell 's disease has not been established , it has been reported that percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty has shown good results . howev...
inflammation of the mammary gland ( mastitis ) caused by invading pathogens is common among lactating dairy cows and leads to considerable economic loss through reduced milk yield , impaired milk quality , and increased veterinary costs . globally , mastitis is one of the most costly bovine diseases for the dairy ind...
chinese propolis ( cp ) , an important hive product , can alleviate inflammatory responses . however , little is known regarding the potential of propolis treatment for mastitis control . to investigate the anti - inflammatory effects of cp on bovine mammary epithelial cells ( mac - t ) , we used a range of pathoge...
exercise tolerance generally decreases in patients on hemodialysis ( hd ) who have diminished musculoskeletal muscle strength and muscle atrophy , reduced muscle blood flow distribution , a decline in cardiopulmonary function , and severely reduced activities of daily living . previous studies have found that a l...
[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to ascertain the optimum strategy for implementing a physical activity intervention in patients on hemodialysis by investigating the physical characteristics of elderly patients on hemodialysis , and their attitude to physical activity and level of daily activity . [ subjects...
endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract offers both diagnostic and therapeutic options and has become the preferred procedure for the evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders . presented here are an illustrative example and a review of the world literature , with a focus on diagnostic and management optio...
injury to the spleen during routine colonoscopy is an extremely rare injury . diagnosis and management of the injury has evolved with technological advances and experience gained in the management of splenic injuries sustained in trauma . of the 37 reported cases of colonoscopic splenic injury , 12 had a history of p...
in a classic little book , what is life ? the great theoretical physicist erwin schrdinger considered one of biology 's central questions : how can a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry ? ( schrdinger , 1944 ) . in attempting to answer this question , schrdinger rightly focused on the centra...
the perspective presented here is that modern genetics is at a similar stage of development as were early formulations of quantum mechanics theory in the 1920s and that in 2010 we are at the dawn of a new revolution in genetics that promises to enrich and deepen our understanding of the gene and the genome . the inte...
the world health organization states that ~347 million people , roughly 9.5% of the adult population , were suffering from diabetes in 2008 . the incidence of diabetes is rapidly increasing with estimates suggesting that this number will almost double by 2030 . diabetes mellitus is a major cause of chronic kidney d...
micrornas ( mirna ) are a novel class of small , noncoding rna molecules that have gained the attention of many researchers in recent years due to their ability to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of families of genes simultaneously . their role in normal physiology and pathobiology is intriguing and the...
these are two distantly related groups of eukaryotes that have similar lifestyles . both feed by osmotrophy . the cells secret enzymes that decompose organic matter and the metabolites are imported into the cell . fungi are more closely related to animals than to oomycetes , whereas diatoms , a group of photosynthe...
phylogenomic approaches have shown that eukaryotes acquire genes via gene transfer . however , there are two fundamental problems for most of these analyses ; only transfers from prokaryotes are analyzed and the screening procedures applied assume that gene transfer is rare for eukaryotes . directed studies of the ...
pc12risi0044 ) , we conducted a retrospective review of all patients with ps treated in our hospital from march 2006 to february 2013 . surgery was performed on 12 patients from among 239 patients who were diagnosed with ps using our inclusion / exclusion criteria ( table 1 ) . of these surgery was indicated when p...
backgroundpiriformis syndrome ( ps ) is an uncommon disease characterized by symptoms resulting from compression / irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle . uncertainty and controversy remain regarding the proper diagnosis and most effective form of treatment for ps . this study analyzes the diagno...
the epitaxial growth of monocrystalline semiconductors on metal nanostructures is interesting from both fundamental and applied perspectives . the realization of nanostructures with excellent interfaces and material properties that also have controlled optical resonances can be very challenging . here we re...
recent evidences support using paclitaxel drug - coated balloon ( dcb ) catheters as a therapeutic method for de novo coronary lesions , in - stent restenosis ( isr ) , small coronary vessels , and coronary bifurcation lesions . dcb was designed to achieve comparable efficacy in neointimal proliferation through local...
abstractbackground : studies examining the efficiency of drug - coated balloon ( dcb ) + bare metal stent ( bms ) compared with stents alone for de novo lesions have reported inconsistent results . the present comprehensive meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) assessed and compared the clinical ef...
minimally invasive surgical techniques have revolutionized the treatment of many of the problems seen by the general surgeon . although the impact has been greatest in the treatment of cholelithiasis , many of the same advantages achieved with laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be realized with advanced laparoscopic pr...
background and objectives : mobilization of the colon and dissection of the mesentery are difficult laparoscopic techniques . traditional methods have been used for this dissection , but often with great difficulty . the ultrasonically activated shears , when introduced in 1993 , had the possibility to make this di...
neurons arise from a small set of progenitor cells that divide in a spatially and temporally controlled manner to generate the six - layered structure of a fully functional adult cortex ( caviness et al . , 2009 ; gtz and huttner , 2005 ; pierani and wassef , 2009 ; rowitch and kriegstein , 2010 ) . how different ...
summaryneurons in the mammalian neocortex arise from asymmetric divisions of progenitors residing in the ventricular zone . while in most progenitor divisions , the mitotic spindle is parallel to the ventricular surface , some progenitors reorient the spindle and divide in oblique orientations . here , we use condition...
cells comprising a tissue migrate as part of a collective . how collective processes are coordinated over large multi - cellular assemblies has remained unclear , however , because mechanical stresses exerted at cell - cell junctions have not been accessible experimentally . we report here maps of these stresses wi...
there is growing recognition that bipolar affective disorder is associated with neurocognitive deficits and allied neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic anomalies [ 1 , 2 ] . while mood states and psychotropic medication usage influence cognition and brain physiology , observations that many of these neurocognitive and ...
historically , bipolar disorder has been conceptualized as a disease involving episodic rather than chronic dysfunction . however , increasing evidence indicates that bipolar disorder is associated with substantial inter - episode psychosocial and vocational impairment . here we review the contributions of neurocog...
according to current models , cell death most often proceeds via either of two relatively independent subroutines , apoptosis , and necrosis [ 1 , 2 ] . for a long time , apoptotic and necrotic instances of cell death have exclusively been identified based on morphological criteria . in addition , while apoptosis was...
the bcl-2 homolog bcl - xl , one of the two protein products of bcl2l1 , has originally been characterized for its prominent prosurvival functions . similar to bcl-2 , bcl - xl binds to its multidomain proapoptotic counterparts bax and bak , hence preventing the formation of lethal pores in the mitochondrial outer me...
deliberate self - harm ( dsh ) is one of the commonest cause of death in the world with a higher rate noted in the low- and middle - income countries . soman et al . from south india reported that dsh was responsible for 6.6% of all deaths . the average age was 42 years for males and 34 years for females and half o...
background : deliberate self - harm ( dsh ) is a major under - recognized epidemic in the low- and middle - income countries . this is a large retrospective study form the emergency department ( ed ) of tertiary care center of south india to describe the clinicodemographic features of dsh cases.materials and methods ...
dense , vision - obscuring calcification on the posterior aspect of silicone intraocular lenses ( iols ) is often not amenable to neodymium : yttrium - aluminum - garnet capsulotomy , and , in prior reports , has required iol exchange . we report the successful removal of dense calcium deposition on the posterior sur...
purposedense , vision - obscuring calcification on the posterior aspect of silicone intraocular lenses ( iols ) is often not amenable to neodymium : yttrium - aluminum - garnet capsulotomy , and , in prior reports , has required iol exchange . we report the successful removal of dense calcium deposition on the poster...
the presented data from literature and own determinations prove that the adiposis of the pancreas should be treated more seriously , since it is often the symptom of a multi - factor damage to that organ . the identification of these factors is supposed to induce to apply a well - thought out health promoting strateg...
so far , a fatty pancreas has been related to obesity and the ageing processes in the body . the current list of pathogenetic factors of the condition is clearly extended with genetically conditioned diseases ( cystic fibrosis , shwachman - diamond syndrome and johanson - blizzard syndrome ) , pancreatitis , especially...
malocclusion can be defined as an occlusion in which there is a molar relationship between the arches in any of the planes of spaces or in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits . individuals with malocclusion usually have feeling of shame about their facial appearance and also feel shy ...
objective : this study was carried out to know the level of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among preadolescents as there is very high prevalence of malocclusion.methods:this cross - sectional study was conducted among a sample of 1010 subjects with a mean age of ( in years ) was 13.02 2.146 . a self - ad...
nonhuman primates ( nhps ) , with their high level of genetic homology to humans , make them invaluable experimental models for biomedical research ( messaoudi et al . , 2011 , zhang et al . , 2014 ) . however , they are also an increasingly important source of emerging zoonotic diseases in humans , including human...
parasites are a well - known threat to nonhuman primate ( nhp ) populations , and potentially cause zoonotic diseases in humans . in this study , the basic data was provided of the parasites in nhps and the molecular characterization of the enterocytozoon bieneusi , giardia duodenalis , cryptosporidium spp . , and en...
microencapsulation processes are generally used for both isolating and protecting sensitive substances or bioactive molecules and facilitating their controlled release.1 the formulation of microparticles is generally tailored to suit the target administration route . microparticles can be built with a core / shell st...
backgroundnanoemulsions consist of very stable nanodroplets of oil dispersed in an aqueous phase , typically below 300 nm in size . they can be used to obtain a very fine , homogeneous dispersion of lipophilic compounds in water , thus facilitating their handling and use in nanomedicine . however , the drawback is th...
technology based assessments are increasingly implemented for medical assessment and monitoring of individuals with a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders . weight management and diabetes monitoring programs use technological based programs effectively [ 1 , 2 ] . web - based assessments and monitoring prog...
depression is a frequent yet overlooked occurrence in primary health care clinics worldwide . depression and related health screening instruments are available but are rarely used consistently . the availability of technologically based instruments in the assessments offers novel approaches for gathering , storing ...
it is often a deceptive facial eruption , and can mimic a variety of cutaneous dermatoses . the pattern of infection depends on the geographic location or the endemic dermatophyte strains of a given area or the cultural population habits . tinea faciei infections are common in children but they are rare in infants ...
although candidiasis in newborns is not uncommon , superficial dermatophyte infections of infants is quite rare . the causative agents of neonatal tinea reported in various case studies have been trichophyton rubrum , microsporum canis , microsporum gypseum , and trichophyton violaceum . to the best of our knowledge ...
periodontal disease is an inflammatory process characterized by periodontal pockets , attachment loss , and bone loss . the status of disease ranges from gingivitis to advanced periodontitis with destruction of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone which can ultimately lead to tooth loss . periodontal tiss...
objective : to evaluate the melatonin levels in saliva in gingivitis and periodontitis cases.background:melatonin has strong antioxidant , free radical scavenging , and immunomodulating properties , acts on osteoblasts directly to stimulate cell proliferation and synthesis of type i collagen , and promotes bone formati...
the success of periapical surgery is dictated by elimination of infected tissues and adequate apical seal . ideal apical seal prevents ingress of residual irritants into the periapical region and percolation of periapical tissue fluid in to the canal system . various root end filling materials have been tested for ...
objectivethe aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of biodentine in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) and intermediate restorative material ( irm ) , as a root end filling material , using scanning electron microscopy ( sem).materials and methods : thirty permanent maxillary central...
we report a case of cauda equina syndrome ( ces ) after a spinal anaesthesia in a patient with underlying asymptomatic tubercular arachnoiditis . in this case , this disease pathology may have contributed to maldistribution of intrathecally administered local anaesthetic leading to ces . after informed consent of t...
a 14-year - old boy underwent emergency debridement surgery of right foot under spinal anaesthesia . four hours after the surgery , the patient developed symptoms of cauda equina syndrome ( ces ) . postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the patient 's spine suggested underlying tubercular arachnoiditis . the...
the two main reasons for wanting to simulate genetic data are , first , to gain insight into the effects that underlying demographic and mutational parameters may have on the genetic data one sees , and , secondly , to create test datasets for assessing the power of alternative genetic analysis methods . ways of tack...
a number of programs have been developed for simulating population genetic and genetic epidemiological data conforming to one of three main algorithmic approaches : ' forwards ' , ' backwards ' and ' sideways ' . this review aims to make the reader aware of the range of options currently available to them . while no ...
traumatic brain injury ( tbi ) is a major public health problem as evidenced by both clinicians and epidemiologist in india . disability due to neurological illness ranks third in india ; the major contributor is tbi . rapid increase in population , motorization , and industrialization in our country has contribute...
background : traumatic brain injury ( tbi ) is a major public health problem . both genders are affected , but little is known about female tbi . the present study exclusively explores epidemiological , clinical , imaging , and death aspects of female tbi , and how it differs from males.methods:it is a retrospective st...
alloderm ( lifecell corp . ; branchburg , nj ) is an acellular dermal matrix originating from cadaveric dermis , which is processed to remove antigenic epitopes and cells , creating an immunologically inert scaffold . the matrix [ figure 1 ] contains collagen , elastin , hyaluronic acid , fibronectin , proteoglycans ...
the purpose of this pictorial essay is to demonstrate the imaging features ( ultrasound , mammogram , and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) ) of alloderm(lifecell corp . ; branchburg , nj ) , an acellular dermal matrix sometimes used in both primary and reconstructive breast surgeries . alloderm is derived from ca...
lack of adequate bone is a common complication in periodontally compromised teeth and implant dentistry . autogenous bone is still the gold standard in bone augmentation procedures but its low availability and donor site morbidity necessitates the development of alternative products for it . many bone substitutes a...
background : it has been stated that the bone allografts from different tissue banks may lead to various amount of bone induction , so the aim of this study was to evaluate bone regeneration of three demineralized allografts both histologically and histomorphometrically in rabbits calvaria bone defects.materials and me...
current published estimates of the worldwide prevalence of psoriasis range from approximately 13%.1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 psoriatic arthritis ( psa ) occurs in approximately 1030% of psoriasis patients . in the vast majority of cases , joint involvement follows skin involvement , often by 10 years.7 , 8 patients with ...
abstractbackgroundavailable literature on psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis ( psa ) demonstrates a tremendous burden of disease and suggests underdiagnosis and undertreatment.objectiveto obtain realworld physician perspectives on the impact of psoriasis and psa and its treatment on patients ' daily lives , including pe...
hearts , isolated from wildtype zebrafish embryos ( 24hpf to 72hpf ) were stained with the transmembrane potential - sensitive dye di-8-anepps ( invitrogen ) or the calcium - sensitive ratiometric dye fura-2 , am ( invitrogen ) for the measurements of action potentials and calcium transients , respectively . fluoresc...
electrical gradients are critical for many biological processes , including the normal function of excitable tissues , left - right patterning , organogenesis , and wound healing14 . the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the establishment and maintenance of such electrical polarities are poorly understood . using ...
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( hsct ) is a potentially curative treatment for patients with various hematological malignancies , bone marrow failure syndromes , and congenital immune deficiencies . stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow , peripheral blood , or umbilical cord blood . autologous hsct ...
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( hsct ) is widely used as a potentially curative treatment for patients with various hematological malignancies , bone marrow failure syndromes , and congenital immune deficiencies . the prevalence of oral complications in both autologous and allogeneic hsct recipients remains...
perfusion of the lung is one of the main components required for pulmonary gas exchange . pulmonary perfusion is altered in physiological and pathological conditions such as pulmonary embolism , pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive disease . therefore , assessment of the pulmonary perfusion is of physiolo...
backgroundlung perfusion is one of the key components of oxygenation . it is hampered in pulmonary arterial diseases and secondary due to parenchymal diseases.methodsassessment is frequently required during the workup of a patient for either of these disease categories.resultsthis review provides insight into imaging...
rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody ( mab ) approved by the fda on 1997 as single agent for the treatment of relapsed or refractory , low - grade or follicular cd20-positive b - cell non - hodgkin 's lymphoma ( nhl ) and later , in 2006 , as a treatment in combination with cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincr...
rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody employed for the treatment of cd20-positive b - cell non - hodgkin 's lymphoma , chronic lymphocytic leukemia , rheumatoid arthritis , granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis . it binds specifically to the cd20 antigen expressed on pre - b and conseque...
migraine is a chronic neurological disorder affecting about 12% of the population with an estimated prevalence of 18.2% in women and 6.5% in men.1,2 its etiology also seems to have a hereditary component.3 over 70% of migraine sufferers have a family history of migraine.4 migraine varies with age and tends to occur mos...
migraine is among the 10 most disabling disorders worldwide . it is characterized by episodes of moderate or severe headaches with various degree of disability , resulting in a considerable health burden upon the sufferers and their family . the objective of this article is to review the use of prophylaxis with ant...
since first isolated from opium poppy in the early nineteenth century , morphine and related opioids remain as the most powerful analgesics to treat many forms of acute and chronic pain . however , repeated and prolonged use of opioids leads to tolerance , of which , the analgesic tolerance is the most problematic th...
this chapter will focus on the role of micrornas ( mirs ) in regulating the actions of opioid drugs through the opioid receptors . opioids , such as morphine , are analgesics that are used for treating many forms of acute and chronic pain . however , their chronic use is limited by undesirable effects such as opioid ...
thanks to good preventive dental programs and developed knowledge about the importance of oral hygiene , the vitality of teeth within the oral cavity has been extended in the recent times , which led to an increase in non - carious cervical lesions , or dental erosions , abrasions , etc . dentine hypersensitivity ( d...
introduction : dentine hypersensitivity is characterized by acute , sharp pain arising from the exposed dentine , most commonly in response to thermal , tactile , or chemical stimuli , and which can not be linked to any other pathological changes in the tooth or the environment . therapy uses various impregnating age...
postmenopausal osteoporosis ( pmo ) has become a major epidemic of the last millennium and is expected to be a problem for health care providers in the present millennium as well . osteoporosis is a disease in which the net loss of bone exceeds bone formation , and it occurs in women after estrogen loss in postmenopa...
background and objectives . the purpose of the present study is to find the genes and snp that influence bmd and postmenopausal saudi women . material and methods . two - hundred ethnic saudi arabian women with a diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis were the subjects of this study . baseline blood hematolog...
retinal vein occlusion ( rvo ) is the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy and is a significant cause of visual morbidity . in these patients the development of me followed by rvo has been hypothesized to be caused by fluid flux from vessels to tissue according to starling s law,1,2...
purpose : to evaluate the effects of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion ( rvo).methods : nine cases of visual loss due to macular edema caused by central retinal vein occlusion or branch retinal vein occlusion underwent pars plana vitrect...
a 77-year old female was referred to our clinic with a prolonged period of delayed healing following the uneventful extraction of the lower right second molar tooth in may 2007 . at this point the patient had been taking alendronic acid 70 mg orally once per week for seven years . clinical examination revealed onl...
highlightsthis case reports the first case to our knowledge of pathological fracture of the coronoid process of the mandible secondary to long term use of alendronic acid.demonstrates the unpredictable nature of symptoms associated with medication related osteonecrosis and its management within the hospital environment...
we collected ticks in nakai district , khammouan province , during the dry seasons ( december april ) during 20122014 , as previously described ( 4 ) ( technical appendix figures 1 , 2 ) . a total of 6,692 ticks were pooled ( n = 768 pools , 110 ticks / pool ) according to genus , sex , developmental stage , collect...
we screened 768 tick pools containing 6,962 ticks from khammouan province , laos , by using quantitative real - time pcr and identified rickettsia spp . , ehrlichia spp . , and borrelia spp . sequencing of rickettsia spp.positive and borrelia spp.positive pools provided evidence for distinct genotypes . our resul...
cell adhesion molecules ( cams ) are cell surface glycoproteins located at the cell surface plasma membrane of neurons and other cells . cams have a large extracellular domain and are either transmembrane proteins or attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( gpi ) anchor . the extracellul...
alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder associated with the loss of synapses between neurons in the brain . synaptic cell adhesion molecules are cell surface glycoproteins which are expressed at the synaptic plasma membranes of neurons . these proteins play key roles in formation and maint...
it is now well established and widely accepted that virtually all cervical cancer and its immediate precancerous lesions arise from persisting cervical infection by some highly oncogenic hpv genotypes [ 1 , 2 ] . the most important of these hpv genotypes are hpv16 and hpv18 which account for ~70% of all invasive cerv...
nucleic acids of human papillomavirus ( hpv ) isolated by manual extraction method ( amplilute ) and automated magna pure system were compared and evaluated with cytohistological findings in 253 women . the concordance level between amplilute and magna was very good 93.3% ( = 0.864 , p < .0001 ) . overall hpvpos...
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( map ) , the cause of johne 's disease ( jd ) , has emerged as major pathogen of concern for human health worldwide and has also been associated with crohn 's disease ( cd ) in human beings [ 13 ] . cd is a chronic incurable inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) of gastro...
in present pilot study aimed to estimate , presence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( map ) antibodies in the human serum samples originating from north india using indigenous absorbed elisa kit ( elisa kit ) . the phase i , elisa kit was optimized using protoplasmic antigen from native isolat...
numerous biological processes , including immune recognition , animal development , and the misregulation of development in cancer cell progression , involve signaling interactions across cell cell junctions . in this juxtacrine configuration , ligands and receptors bind to each other from apposed cell surface...
we present a method based on self - assembling oligonucleotides to anchor proteins to a supported membrane surface . this anchoring method allows control of the surface density of multiple proteins . by incorporating additional recognition sequences into the dna linkers , defined heterodimers can be produ...
a prominent view of cognitive and emotional processes assumes that conceptual knowledge emerges from bottom - up perceptual processes to conceptual and a modal symbolic systems . an alternative view has been proposed under the theoretical framework of theories of grounded cognition [ 24 ] suggesting that associative ...
parkinson 's disease ( pd ) and tourette 's syndrome ( ts ) lead to important motor disorders among patients such as possible facial amimia in pd and tics in tourette 's syndrome . under the grounded cognition framework that shows the importance of motor embodiment in emotional feeling ( niedenthal , 2007 ) , both ty...
a two - day - old male with whole body cyanosis and tachypnea born at 38 + 2 weeks of gestation with a birth weight of 4,000 g was referred to samsung medical center . his percutaneous oxygen saturation was 60% to 70% , and there was no response to oxygen supply . a grade 3/6 systolic murmur was heard at the left s...
a five - month - old boy who had undergone previously transcatheter balloon atrioseptostomy at 3 days of age for complete transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis underwent pulmonary root translocation with the lecompte maneuver . this operation has the advantages of m...
traditionally , macrophages and b cells were thought to be the only cell types able to present antigens to t cells and thus elicit immune response . the pioneering work of steinman and cohn showed that a third kind of antigen - presenting cell types , dendritic cells ( dcs ) , are indispensable for the initiation of ...
dendritic cells ( dcs ) are sentinels of the immune system and represent a heterogeneous cell population . the existence of distinct dc subsets is due to their inherent plasticity and to the changing microenvironment modulating their immunological properties . numerous signalling pathways have impacts on dcs . it...
the liver , the central organ of biotransformation , is particularly prone to oral medication - related toxicity due to high concentrations of drugs and their metabolites in portal blood rather than in the actual target area of the central nervous system . it is , however , difficult to attribute liver damage to a sp...
background : drug - induced liver injury is a common cause of liver damage and the most frequent reason for withdrawal of a drug in the united states . the symptoms of drug - induced liver damage are extremely diverse , with some patients remaining asymptomatic.methods:this observational study is based on data of arz...
titanium alloys have become the most popular metallic biomaterials in dental applications because of their excellent biocompatibility . this is attributed to the inert nature of the titanium surface due to the formation of a thin native titanium oxide layer which also provides excellent corrosion resistance . alt...
titanium and titanium alloys are currently accepted as the gold standard in dental applications . their excellent biocompatibility has been attributed to the inert titanium surface through the formation of a thin native oxide which has been correlated to the excellent corrosion resistance of this material in body flu...
periodontitis , a chronic inflammatory disease , is characterized by increased expression of various cytokines and other inflammatory mediators resulting in extensive osteoclast formation and bone loss . these cytokines affect bone remodeling and play a vital role in both the physiological and pathological regulation...
background : initial research indicated that higher concentration of osteoprotegerin ( opg ) is associated with healthy periodontium ( protective ) and its concentration decreases as the periodontal disease progresses . however , till date , there are no studies to investigate the levels of opg in gingival crevicular...
jugular foramen paragangliomas are rare , slow - growing , encapsulated , hypervascular tumors that arise from jugular foramen of temporal bone ( 1 ) . jugular foramen paraganglioma are known to occur predominantly in the age of 50 to 60 , and female to male ratio is reported to be 5:1 ( 1 , 2 ) . incidence of mult...
objectivesjugular foramen paraganglioma is a locally invasive , benign tumor , which grow slowly and causes various symptoms such as pulsatile tinnitus and low cranial nerve palsy . complete surgical resection is regarded as the ideal management of these tumors . the goal of this study is to identify the clinical c...
the pattern of drinking in india has undergone a change from occasional and ritualistic use to being a social event . these developments have raised concerns about the health and the social consequences of excessive drinking leading to dependence . in the last decade there is a rapid increase in the number of city ...
aims : to study the demographic factors associated with alcohol dependence syndrome so that the problems of alcohol related co morbidities can be prevented with appropriate preventive measures.materials and methods : the study was conducted in de - addiction clinic of the department of psychiatry , mamata medical colle...
data sets described here can be obtained from the encode project website at www.encodeproject.org / comparative / regulation/. all data sets were processed using a uniform processing pipeline with identical alignment and filtering criteria and standardized idr peak calling using spp ( human + worm ) and macs2 ( fly )...
summarydespite the large evolutionary distances , metazoan species show remarkable commonalities , which has helped establish fly and worm as model organisms for human biology1,2 . although studies of individual elements and factors have explored similarities in gene regulation , a large - scale comparative analysis ...
we searched the pathology database of the royal north shore hospital , sydney , australia , for all colorectal carcinomas undergoing surgical resection during the calendar years 20042009 . during this period , this center performed centralized pathological testing for two quaternary referral hospitals with dedicated co...
immunohistochemistry has recently been validated for the detection of the brafv600e mutation across a range of tumor types . in colorectal carcinoma , the presence of the brafv600e mutation can be used to virtually exclude lynch syndrome in mismatch repair - deficient tumors . in mismatch repair - proficient tumors ,...
natural sources of radioactivity in the environment are called naturally occurring radioactive materials , and are categorized as being of terrestrial or cosmic origin . humans are exposed to both internal and external radiation from these natural sources . internal exposure occurs through the intake of terrestrial r...
determining radioactivity levels in foodstuffs is of great importance for the protection of human health . in addition , the literature includes few studies related to this subject in turkey . in this study , gamma spectroscopic system was used in order to measure 226ra , 232th , 40k and 137cs activity concentratio...
spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium may be defined as the presence of free air or gas in the mediastinal structures and in the pericardial sac without an apparent precipitating cause . free air can enter mediastinal tissues by rupture of alveoli , laceration of the tracheobronchial tree or gastrointes...
spontaneous medialstinal emphysema ( pneumomediastinum ) and pneumopericardium may be defined as the presence of free air or gas in the mediastinal structures and in the pericardial sac without an apparent precipitating cause . it most frequently occurs in young healthy adults without serious underlying pulmonary dis...
since it has great impact on patients ' quality of life , school performance , work productivity , and comorbid conditions such as asthma , it is considered as an important health problem . allergic rhinitis is defined as an allergic reaction ( most often ige - dependent ) to offending allergens such as dust mites , ...
objectives . allergic rhinitis is a common disease with increasing prevalence and high impact on economic burden and comorbidities . as treatment with pharmacological drugs is not always satisfactory due to side effects and incomplete efficacy , alternative treatment strategies are needed . ectoine is an osmolyte...
understanding the modes of action of natural compounds as toxicants is important for at least two reasons . from an ecological and evolutionary standpoint , knowing the mode of action of such compounds is critical to understanding the function of the compound in nature . for example , the high activity of phytotoxins...
for a little over a decade , omics methods ( transcriptomics , proteomics , metabolomics , and physionomics ) have been used to discover and probe the mode of action of both synthetic and natural phytotoxins . for mode of action discovery , the strategy for each of these approaches is to generate an omics profile for...
this anomaly is characterized by a central corneal opacity with corresponding defects in the posterior stroma , descemet 's membrane , and endothelium [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] . ultrasound biomicroscopy is a useful tool for detecting associated structural abnormalities such as keratolenticular or iridocorneal adhesions . ...
peters anomaly is characterized by a central corneal opacity with corresponding defects in the posterior stroma , descemet 's membrane , and endothelium . we present 2 cases that showed corneal opacity when examined by topical endoscopic imaging ( tei ) . case 1 was a 20-day - old neonatal female who had a central ...
the concept of dual - energy computed tomography ( dect ) is based on the attenuation differential of various materials when simultaneously exposed to low- and high - energy x - rays . this reflects the difference in material interaction with low- and high - energy photons and resultant changes in compton scatter and...
dual - energy computed tomography ( dect ) simultaneously acquires images at two x - ray energy levels , at both high- and low - peak voltages ( kvp ) . the material attenuation difference obtained from the two x - ray energies can be processed by software to analyze material decomposition and to create additional im...
a depressive state is frequently observed in patients with alzheimer - type dementia and mild cognitive impairment.13 it is known that depression is a risk factor for the development of alzheimer s disease.13 therefore , depression in middle - aged and older patients may be associated with organic brain changes . cor...
a 60-year - old female was treated for depression with the antidepressant paroxetine for 13 years . the patient had experienced clumsiness and mild rigidity in the left hand , and had agraphia and mild subjective memory complaints for 3 years prior to admission in our hospital . she experienced exacerbated depressi...
recently , endoscopic submucosal dissection ( esd ) has become a standard procedure for treating gastric intraepithelial neoplasms ( gastric adenoma and early gastric cancer ) . while esd allows for en - bloc resection of large lesions compared with endoscopic mucosal resection ( emr ) , the sizes of artificial...
objectives : gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection ( esd ) is currently a standard procedure . esd enables en - bloc resection of large lesions , while inducing larger artificial ulcers to a greater extent than conventional procedures . several studies have reported that proton pump inhibitors ( ppis ) preve...
chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) is a one of the myeloproliferative diseases and represents 1520% of all adult leukemia types . depending on clinical aspects and laboratory findings , cml can be divided in three phases . typically cml begins in the chronic phase , and over several years it progresses to the acceler...
it has been revealed that the wnt/-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of solid tumors and hematological malignancies , particularly in b - cell neoplasia and leukemia . in the last decade there have been made experimental approaches targeting the wnt pathway in chronic leukemia . in ...
sarcopenia was originally defined as the age - related loss of appendicular lean ( muscle ) mass relative to height squared . recently , sarcopenia was redefined and either the loss of muscle strength and/or impaired physical performance was added to the loss of muscle mass.2 , 3 , 4 although reductions in muscle mas...
age - related decreases in muscle mass and strength are associated with decreased mobility , quality of life , and increased cardiovascular risk . coupled with the prevalence of obesity , the risk of death becomes substantially greater . resistance training ( rt ) has a well - documented beneficial impact on muscle...
chronic subdural hematoma ( csdh ) is a common clinical entity treated by neurosurgeons with very good cure rates . recurrence of the hematoma , infection , seizure , cerebral edema , tension pneumocephalus and failure of the brain to re - expand are well - recognized complications following surgery for csdh . an i...
chronic subdural hematoma ( csdh ) is a common clinical entity treated by neurosurgeons with good cure rates . recurrence of the hematoma and failure of the brain to re - expand are commonly observed complications following surgery for csdh . an intracerebral or intraventricular hemorrhage following evacuation of c...