README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- en
---

# **K2-V2**

<img src="figures/K2.LOGO.PRIMARY.RGB.png" width="100" alt="K2-V2 model logo"/>

📚 [Tech Report](https://www.llm360.ai/reports/K2_V2_report.pdf) - 📝 [Training Code](https://github.com/llm360/k2v2_train) - 🏢 [Evaluation Code](https://github.com/llm360/eval360) 

🗂️ [Pretraining Data: TxT360](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LLM360/TxT360) - 🗂️ [Midtraining Data: TxT360-Midas](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LLM360/TxT360-Midas) - 🗂️ [SFT Data: TxT360-3efforts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LLM360/TxT360-3efforts)


K2-V2 is our most capable fully open model to date, and one of the strongest open-weight models in its class. It uses a 70B-parameter dense transformer architecture and represents the latest advancement in the LLM360 model family.

<img src="figures/sft-models.png" width="400" alt="K2-V2 SFT results"/>

Beyond standard competencies such as factual knowledge and conversational ability, K2-V2 demonstrates strong long-context consistency, deep mathematical understanding, and robust reasoning skills. These capabilities serve as building blocks for sophisticated downstream applications, such as solving complex math problems and executing agentic workflows.

<img src="figures/base-models.png" width="400" alt="K2-V2 GPQA results"/>

---

## **Quick Start**

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("LLM360/K2-V2", device_map="auto")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LLM360/K2-V2")

prompt = "Explain why the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x)."
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=200)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
```

---

## **Evaluation Summary**

Below we report performance across general, reasoning, mathematical, and coding benchmarks. Scores for K2-V2 checkpoints (base → mid-4) demonstrate the impact of staged mid-training on reasoning quality.

| Task / Model | base | mid-1 | mid-2 | mid-3 | mid-4 | Qwen2.5-72B | Llama3.0-70B | Llama3.1-70B | Olmo3-32B |
|--------------|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------------|---------------|---------------|------------|
| **General Tasks** | | | | | | | | | |
| **MMLU** | 74.3 | 74.4 | 73.5 | 75.0 | 75.2 | **86.1** | <u>79.5</u> | 79.3 | 75.2 |
| **MMLU-Pro** | 43.7 | 46.8 | 48.1 | **59.8** | 57.0 | <u>58.1</u> | 52.8 | 53.8 | 49.6 |
| **BBH** | 68.4 | 79.8 | 81.1 | 82.2 | <u>83.2</u> | **86.3** | 82.2 | 82.1 | 77.6 |
| **HELLASWAG** | <u>87.8</u> | 86.9 | 86.6 | 86.6 | 86.0 | 87.6 | **88.0** | 85.0 | 84.8 |
| **WINOGRANDE** | 82.6 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.0 | 83.9 | <u>85.3</u> | 79.8 | **90.3** |
| **PIQA** | 84.2 | 84.0 | 83.3 | 82.9 | 83.1 | 83.5 | <u>84.6</u> | 84.3 | **85.6** |
| **TRUTHFULQA** | 54.0 | 54.9 | 55.1 | <u>55.8</u> | 53.9 | **60.5** | 45.6 | 49.7 | 54.9 |
| **Math & STEM Tasks** | | | | | | | | | |
| **GPQA-DIAMOND** | 26.3 | 31.3 | 27.8 | <u>43.9</u> | **55.1** | 34.9 | 21.2 | 27.3 | 30.3 |
| **GSM8K** | 68.0 | 76.4 | 82.1 | **93.6** | <u>92.5</u> | 91.2 | 83.2 | 81.1 | 80.5 |
| **MATH** | 27.8 | 38.2 | 41.1 | **94.7** | <u>91.4</u> | 58.5 | 41.9 | 41.6 | 43.4 |
| **AIME 2025** | 0.0 | 17.6 | 25.1 | **53.2** | <u>46.9</u> | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 14.7 |
| **ARC-CHALLENGE** | 64.9 | 66.4 | 66.4 | 66.0 | 66.3 | **72.4** | <u>69.2</u> | 64.9 | 65.4 |
| **Coding Tasks** | | | | | | | | | |
| **MBPP** | 57.6 | 57.8 | 58.2 | 59.8 | 61.8 | **75.4** | <u>69.2</u> | 64.4 | 60.2 |
| **HUMANEVAL** | 50.0 | 51.2 | <u>53.7</u> | **54.3** | **54.3** | **54.3** | 42.1 | 50.6 | 36.0 |
| **Logic Puzzles** | | | | | | | | | |
| **COUNTDOWN** | 1.3 | <u>53.3</u> | 53.1 | 35.9 | **75.6** | 6.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 23.2 |
| **KK-4 PEOPLE** | 4.8 | 44.9 | <u>68.0</u> | 64.5 | **92.9** | 26.1 | 4.2 | 7.6 | 42.4 |
| **KK-8 PEOPLE** | 0.5 | 23.2 | 41.3 | <u>51.6</u> | **82.8** | 5.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 13.0 |
| **ORDER-15 ITEMS** | 4.7 | 30.7 | 47.2 | <u>55.8</u> | **87.6** | 37.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 25.0 |
| **ORDER-30 ITEMS** | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.0 | <u>34.1</u> | **40.3** | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| **Instruction Following** | | | | | | | | | |
| **IFEVAL** | 17.4 | 26.2 | 28.5 | <u>34.5</u> | 26.7 | **40.3** | 15.1 | 17.4 | 13.2 |
| **Arabic** | | | | | | | | | |
| **MMLU-Arabic** | 65.4 | 66.1 | 64.5 | 66.6 | 65.5 | **74.1** | 65.0 | <u>66.8</u> | 47.8 |


Below we report the evaluation results for K2-V2 after supervised fine-tuning (SFT). These variants correspond to three levels of reasoning effort (Low < Medium < High).

| Metric / Model | **K2 Low**<br><sub>Dense · 70B</sub> | **K2 Medium**<br><sub>Dense · 70B</sub> | **K2 High**<br><sub>Dense · 70B</sub> | **Olmo3 Think SFT**<br><sub>Dense · 32B · No RL</sub> | **Olmo3 Think**<br><sub>Dense · 32B · RL</sub> | **GLM-4.5 Air**<br><sub>MoE · 106B A12B</sub> | **MiniMax-M2**<br><sub>MoE · 230B A10B</sub> | **Qwen3 235B**<br><sub>MoE · 235B A22B · Reasoning</sub> | **Qwen 2.5 72B**<br><sub>Dense · 72B</sub> |
|--------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| **LongBench V2** | 40.7 | 41.3 | 42.6 | 42.8 | 47.1 | 49.4 | 55.8 | 60.9 | 47.2 |
| **AIME25** | 27.3 | 62.0 | 80.2 | 68.3 | 73.3 | 81.3 | 75.8 | 88.8 | 15.2 |
| **HMMT25** | 19.0 | 45.6 | 71.4 | 43.3 | 50.83 | 73.3 | 63.5 | 84.2 | 9.79 |
| **GSM8K** | 92.4 | 92.0 | 94.8 | 96.1 | 95.7 | 96.1 | 95.4 | 93.5 | 85.8 |
| **Minerva** | 85.0 | 90.6 | 94.5 | 96.9 | 97.3 | 94.9 | 85.3 | 98.0 | 82.1 |
| **GPQA-D** | 48.5 | 60.6 | 69.3 | 58.0 | 59.8 | 75.3 | 76.2 | 80.7 | 50.5 |
| **MBPP** | 71.0 | 75.8 | 84.8 | 87.6 | 91.6 | 82.8 | 83.8 | 96.2 | 80.0 |
| **HumanEval** | 82.3 | 91.5 | 91.5 | 96.3 | 96.3 | 97.6 | 89.6 | 94.5 | 85.4 |
| **LCBv6** | 39.9 | 51.3 | 67.0 | 67.9 | 67.6 | 67.8 | 79.2 | 72.8 | 36.7 |

Please refer to our [Tech Report](https://www.llm360.ai/reports/K2_V2_report.pdf) for detailed evaluation results.

---

## **Datasets & Mixtures**

K2-V2 training is organized into three stages, each using a transparent, publicly released mixture:

### **Pretraining Mix**

* Large-scale natural text corpus spanning web content, books, code, and multilingual sources
* Mixture designed for stable scaling and broad general-knowledge coverage
* ~12T tokens

### **Mid-Training Mix**

* **TxT360-Midas**: reasoning-oriented + long-context extensions
* Domain-focused sources: math, programming, scientific literature
* Synthetic expansions where natural data is scarce

### **SFT Mix**

* Check out https://huggingface.co/LLM360/K2-V2-Instruct

All mixtures, filtering rules, and data sources are fully released for reproducibility.

Please refer to our [Tech Report](https://www.llm360.ai/reports/K2_V2_report.pdf) for detailed datasets and mixtures information.

---

## **Model Description**
- **Model type:** K2-V2 follows a standard decoder-only transformer with grouped-query attention and RMSNorm.
- **Training stage:** Pre-training
- **Language(s) (NLP):** English
- **License:** Apache 2.0


| Model Hyperparameter      | Value |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| Total Parameters      | 70B       |
| Hidden Size   | 8,192        |
| Intermediate Size (FFN)   | 28,672        |
| Number of Attention Heads   | 64        |
| Number of Layers  | 80        |
| RMSNorm ɛ  | 1e-5        |
| Pre-training Seq Length   | 8,192        |
| Max Mid-training Seq Length   | 524,288        |
| Vocab Size | 250,000 |


---

## **Intended Use**

K2-V2 is designed for:

* research on large language models and reasoning
* downstream fine-tuning (e.g., instruction following, agents, domain models)
* experimentation with long-context architectures
* open, transparent benchmarking of LLM scaling

K2-V2 is **not** instruction-tuned. For aligned conversational use, please see **K2-V2-Instruct**.

---

## **Limitations**

* May generate incorrect or hallucinated content, especially when asked about facts not seen during training
* Not optimized for safety, moderation, or refusal behavior (base model)
* Long-context performance depends on prompt quality and retrieval structure
* Primarily trained on English; multilingual capabilities are limited
* Inference cost is high due to the 70B parameter size

---

## Citation

If you use K2-V2 in your research, please cite the following:

```
@misc{k2team2025k2v2360openreasoningenhancedllm,
      title={K2-V2: A 360-Open, Reasoning-Enhanced LLM}, 
      author={K2 Team and Zhengzhong Liu and Liping Tang and Linghao Jin and Haonan Li and Nikhil Ranjan and Desai Fan and Shaurya Rohatgi and Richard Fan and Omkar Pangarkar and Huijuan Wang and Zhoujun Cheng and Suqi Sun and Seungwook Han and Bowen Tan and Gurpreet Gosal and Xudong Han and Varad Pimpalkhute and Shibo Hao and Ming Shan Hee and Joel Hestness and Haolong Jia and Liqun Ma and Aaryamonvikram Singh and Daria Soboleva and Natalia Vassilieva and Renxi Wang and Yingquan Wu and Yuekai Sun and Taylor Killian and Alexander Moreno and John Maggs and Hector Ren and Guowei He and Hongyi Wang and Xuezhe Ma and Yuqi Wang and Mikhail Yurochkin and Eric P. Xing},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2512.06201},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.06201}, 
}
```